Molecules may undergo three different types of motion: translational motion, vibrational motion, and rotational motion. The more microstates the system has, the greater its entropy. At the molecular level, entropy can be described in terms of the possible number of different arrangements of particle positions and energies, called microstates. This book presents information on the following topics: the approach to thermodynamic equilibrium (and other stationary states) physics as a meaning circuit predictive statistical mechanics bifurcation geometry in physics quantum distribution functions in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics positive and negative joint quantum distributions three lectures on the foundations of quantum theory and quantum electrodynamics how to make quantum mechanics look like a hidden-variable theory and vice versa a classical model of EPR experiment with quantum mechanical correlations and Bell inequalities reduction of the wavepacket Maxwell's Demon, Szilard's engine and quantum measurements experimental tests of Bell's inequalities with pairs of low energy more » correlated photons a general nonlinear evolution equation for irreversible conservative approach to stable equilibrium equation of motion for correlation function of strongly-coupled plasma the one-atom maser squeezed states symmetry breaking in nonlinear optics entropy, information and quantum geometry phase transitions in nonequilibrium systems: dye lasers and lasers with saturable absorbers and nonequilibrium phenomena at incommensurate phase transitions.Qualitative Predictions about Entropy Entropy is the randomness of a system. Here he describes a precise formulation, then resolution of his paradox of information through measurement. For some time he has fallen prey to a version of this paradox, developed in the context of standard quantum theory of measurement as delineated by von Neumann (1955), a trap he has recently been able to escape with the help of Szilard (1929), the celebrated paper in which the related paradox of Maxwell's demon is broken. This apparent and paradoxical gain in information attendant upon observation, presumably due to neglect of some dissipant gc, has long prompted aberrant speculation that intelligent beings and even life in general somehow indeed violate the Second Law, an erroneous more » view he cites only for perspective. Indeed, it must be so offset to save the bookkeeping of the Second Law. Measurement itself thus becomes paradoxical, until one reflects that the gain in information about the system of interest might be offset by a gain in entropy of some garbage can gc. The Second Law of Thermodynamics forbids a net gain of information. In the event that a boundary condition for the universe requires it to be in a state of low entropy when small, the correlations induced between different particle modes during the expansion phase allow the modes to behave like Maxwell's demons during the contracting phase, reducing the entropy of the universe to a low value. A demon with human-scale recording devices can reduce the entropy of a gas by a negligible amount only, but the proof of the demon's impracticability leaves open the possibility that systems highly correlated with their environment more » can reduce the environment's entropy by a substantial amount without increasing entropy elsewhere. Maxwell's demon can lower the entropy of his surroundings by an amount equal to the difference between the maximum entropy of his recording device and its initial entropy, without generating a compensating entropy increase. Several theorems on the mechanics of gathering information are proved, and the possibility of violating the second law of thermodynamics by obtaining information is discussed in light of these theorems. Materials Sciences & Engineering Division OSTI Identifier: 1461343 Grant/Contract Number: AC02-06CH11357 Resource Type: Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript Journal Name: Journal of Russian Laser Research Additional Journal Information: Journal Volume: 39 Journal Issue: 2 Journal ID: ISSN 1071-2836 Country of Publication: United States Language: English Subject: 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS H-theorem quantum Maxwell demon quantum correlations quantum information quantum mechanics = , (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States) Sponsoring Org.: Russian Federation Russian Foundation for Basic Research Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Publication Date: Research Org.: Argonne National Lab. Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Zurich (Switzerland).Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Zurich (Switzerland) Moscow Institute for Physics and Technology (State Univ.), Dolgoprudny (Russia).Moscow Institute for Physics and Technology (State Univ.), Dolgoprudny (Russia).
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